Natural disaster

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Some of the Severest Natural Disasters in History

• The October 8, 2005 earthquake in Pakistan claimed more than 40,000 victims
• Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (the third largest ever recorded) / tsunami in late 2004 that is estimated to have claimed 275,000 lives.
• 1995 Kobe earthquake damage estimated at more than $150 billion. Within the US (excluding earthquake-prone Alaska), neither the Los Angeles Quake (1994) nor even the great San Francisco event of 1906, were nearly as damaging.
• Hurricane Katrina struck the vulnerable US Gulf Coast in August 2005 and brought the death count to over 1,000, which is serious but not remarkable for a major disaster. But together with extensive urban flooding that was a secondary effect, damage estimates from insurance costs alone are at $30 billion. This is easily the most expensive disaster ever to hit the US, eclipsing Andrew in 1992. From Andrew the death toll was 26, but the property damage added up to a staggering $25 billion.
• The Nevado del Ruiz (Columbia) volcano in 1985 killed 25,000 people, most of them caught in a massive mudflow that poured down the stricken mountain. By comparison the Mount St. Helens eruption (1980) shattered the peak but had few victims.
• The most devastating earthquake in modern times was the famous 1976 Tangshan magnitude 8 event in China, whose toll varies between the official 255,000, and a possible 655,000. This event truly began the modern era of intense seismic hazard monitoring in China and the West. Little is known of an earlier lethal earthquake that struck the Chinese city of Shaanzi in 1556. No magnitudes are quoted, and of course no recordings exist, but it is said to have taken the lives of 830,000 people.
• The Tambora, Indonesia volcano of 1815, in which 80,000 people died of the subsequent famine; or the famous Krakatoa explosion, again in Indonesia, in 1883 in which more than 50,000 people perished.
• New Madrid earthquake of 1811-12 in southern Missouri remain the largest earthquakes ever to hit the contiguous U.S. The main event is now estimated at a magnitude 7.8. Damage was relatively light due to the sparse population at that time in the Mid-West.
• The event in 1737 that may have killed some 300,000 people around Calcutta, India, is now ascribed to a typhoon (the Asian equivalent of a hurricane) combined with massive flooding. This could be the most catastrophic atmospheric event ever recorded in terms of casualties.
• Stroggli, an island in the Mediterranean Sea that literally blew up somewhere around 1500 B.C. Now known as Santorini, the volcanic explosion (and the undoubted associated tsunami) virtually eradicated the wonderful Minoan civilization. Plato himself clearly referred to Santorini as the site where the city of Atlantis disappeared under the waves.

Response of Women

Historically women have always been disproportionately affected by natural disasters. Yet they have time and again proven themselves indispensable when it comes to responding to disasters.

• In Guatemala and Honduras after hurricane Mitch in 1998 women came out in great numbers to help in building houses, digging wells and ditches, hauling water and building shelters.

It has been seen that women are very good at mobilizing the community to respond to disasters. This proves vital for disaster preparedness and mitigation

• After the 1985 earthquake in Mexico City, Women maquiladoras in Mexico City organized themselves into the 19 de septiembre GarmentWorkers’ Union. The union, which was recognized by the Mexican government, worked successfully for the recovery of women’s employment.
• Following Hurricane Joan, women in Mulukutú, Nicaragua, involved all households in developing disaster preparedness. The efforts helped Mulukutú recover faster than other similarly affected communities.

References

• 10 'Worst' Natural Disasters
• Coping with Disaster
• Responding to Natural Disasters: Helping Children and Families
• Coping With Disasters
• GENDER AND NATURAL DISASTERS

Additional Information

• Try the great Great Disasters Quiz and see how far you remember.
• Visit Natural Disasters Websites for interesting pictures and write-ups of different forms of natural disasters
• See various first-hand 'tsunami video recordings
• Why Floods Occur
• Fact Sheet on Natural Disaster Recovery: Fungi for information on how flood conditions contribute to the growth and transmission of many kinds of fungi, some of which can cause sickness